The Three Zionist Terrorist Groups That Fought for the Creation of Israel

Before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, three major Jewish underground groups operated in Mandatory Palestine. These groups — Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi (Stern Gang) — played different roles in the Zionist struggle against British rule and Arab resistance. While members saw themselves as freedom fighters, the British government labelled many of their actions as terrorism.

1️⃣ Haganah — The Main Defense Force

Formed in 1920, the Haganah was the largest and most organized Jewish military force. It was created to defend Jewish communities from violent attacks. Over time, it expanded its operations, smuggled Holocaust survivors into Palestine, and trained fighters.

Although generally more moderate, the British still viewed some Haganah activities — especially Sabotage missions — as illegal. In 1948, after Israel gained independence, the Haganah became the foundation of today’s Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

2️⃣ Irgun (Etzel) — The Militant Breakaway

Irgun broke away from the Haganah in 1931, believing stronger action was needed to remove British control. Irgun carried out bombings, raids, and armed resistance. The group’s most controversial operation was the King David Hotel bombing in 1946, which killed 91 people including British officials.

Irgun later joined with Haganah during Israel’s 1948 war of independence. Its commander, Menachem Begin, eventually became Prime Minister of Israel.

3️⃣ Lehi (Stern Gang) — The Most Radical Group

Lehi was formed in 1940 after splitting from Irgun. It refused any cooperation with Britain — even during World War II — because it believed Britain was blocking the creation of a Jewish state.

Lehi carried out assassinations and kidnapping operations, such as the killing of Lord Moyne, a top British official in Egypt. Like Irgun, it was described by the British as a terrorist organization. One of its leaders, Yitzhak Shamir, later became Prime Minister of Israel.

How They Shaped Modern Israel

By 1948, these three organizations united their forces during the fight for independence. Their efforts — controversial but effective — contributed to the withdrawal of British rule and the birth of the State of Israel.